The natural reduction of endogenous estrogens after menopause can spur a variety of vasomotor symptoms in women. Hot flashes, night sweats, poor sleep, mood swings, and even depression can occur. Vaginal dryness and weakening of the pelvis can lead to discomfort and pain during sexual intercourse. Some women may have severe symptoms that can last from six to 12 months after menopause; others may not experience any symptoms at all.

Although menopause itself is not an illness, but a natural occurrence in a woman’s life, there are increased risks associated with menopause. Heart disease, specifically, myocardial infarction and angina, is the most common illness in postmenopausal women.

Osteoporosis, associated with accelerated bone loss after menopause, is another major health problem in postmenopausal women. Approximately 32% of women living to age 90 will suffer at least one osteoporosis related fracture. In addition, women who suffer hip fractures show a 12% to 20% higher mortality rate than women who are the same age who do not have hip fractures. Other health-related risks include increased incidence of genitourinary infections, vaginal atrophy and Alzheimer’s disease. Although recent studies may suggest a link between oestrogen deficiency and Alzheimer’s disease, more research must be done before any conclusions can be drawn.